1. 正確選項：

(1)同義變換 。即將原文中的某一句話用另一種說法表達，也就是英文中的paraphrase。如將文章中的"many wind-pollinated species fail to release pollen when wind speeds are low or when humid conditions prevail.”換成選項中的“Pollen is sometimes not released by plants when there is little wind"。

其中包括三種類型：變換同義詞，變換句型，變化同根詞的詞性。以下分別論述，請注意表格中的斜體字。

2.錯誤選項：

對于GRE閱讀文章中更大量的錯誤選項，ETS也形成了一套固定的規則。以下筆者就用實例來說明錯誤選項編制的規則：

(1)混偏反無。

1)混: 此類選項的錯誤可以形象地概括為：“張冠李戴”。 如下例：

文章："...unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses"

GRE閱讀考試題目：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to

(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm

(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses (本題問大公司如果沒有使投標轉化為訂單將引起什么結果。而這恰恰是小公司的特點。)

(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government

(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors

(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts

2)偏： 意即選項中所包含的邏輯范疇與原文不符。包括”以偏概全“ 以及”以全概偏”。請看下文：

Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.

GRE閱讀題目：The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) comparing the works of three Black American authors

(B) describing common themes in Black American literature

(C) discussing an important work in Black American literature

(D) providing insights about Black American literature in the early twentieth century

(E) providing historical information about the writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century

分析：此文描述并評價了美國黑人文學史上一部優秀的著作。而其中的D，E選項中的“Black American literature”以及“the writing of Black American novels”無疑擴大了原文的邏輯涵蓋的范圍，即屬于“以全概偏”。于是不予選擇。

3)反： 即選項中的內容與文章內容相反。

文章：“....Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a black community......”

題目：

According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives

(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels

(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture

(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

分析：從文章中得知：“馬歇爾已經擺脫了抗議小說所一貫描繪的受壓迫并且帶有悲劇色彩的女主人公形象”。但是B選項卻說道：“馬歇爾深深地受到二十世紀早期抗議小說的影響”，明顯與原文意思相反。

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